The reality in Botticelli's painting

 https://www.nuovatlantide.org/lalluce-valgo-di-botticelli/ Interesting article ..... even one of the great masters of the Renaissance would not paint, as some hastily write, the feet, but rather represent them as most of the big toes were in his time caused by the high shoes of women and the pointed ones of men.... Revolutionary therefore as if he decided to give human details to muses.... divinities.....albeit not perfect but contemporary.. .idea....perfection united with reality....the humanism on which the Renaissance is nourished If everything revolves around man ... if Leonardo studies the human body ... its proportions ..... Botticelli represents it in his reality as a touch not of a superficial brushstroke but as an evocation of the women of his time ...

Fattezze tipiche della faccia riscontrabili nei bambini colpiti da autismo

dalla Stampa: WASHINGTON. Uno studio americano pare abbia individuato le fattezze tipiche della faccia riscontrabili nei bambini colpiti da autismo. Le fattezze specifiche del viso sarebbero osservabili solo con immagini tridimensionali. La scoperta secondo gli esperti potrà aprire la strada anche all’identificazione più precisa della cause della patologia che si formerebbe quindi nei primi mesi di gravidanza quando i lineamenti del viso iniziano a prendere forma in parallelo alla crescita del cervello. Il rapporto dell’università del centro di ricerca sull’autismo Thompson dell’università del Missouri, pubblicato sulla rivista specializzata Molecular autism, elenca queste caratteristiche che potrebbero essere indicative di autismo: parte superiore del volto e occhi più ampi del normale; parte centrale del viso, ossia naso e guance, più brevi; bocca solitamente più larga. Condotto dal professore di anatomia Kristine Aldrige, lo studio ha analizzato poco più di un centinaio di giovanissimi tra gli 8 e i 12 anni, mettendo a confronto i lineamenti di 64 bambini autistici con quelli di 41 perfettamente normali. Le facce sono state fotografate e scannerizzate con tecnologie tridimensionali, il viso di ogni ragazzino è stato trasformato virtualmente in una mappa con 17 specifici punti di riferimento. Quando Aldrige ha confrontato la geometria dei volti è quindi emerso un modello statisticamente significativo delle caratteristiche tipiche riscontrabili nei volti dei piccoli autistici.

-Facial phenotypes in subgroups of pre-pubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders are correlated with clinical phenotypes

Facial phenotypes in subgroups of pre-pubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders are correlated with clinical phenotypes Kristina Aldridge, Ian D George, Kimberly K Cole, Jordan R Austin, T Nicole Takahashi, Ye Duan and Judith H Miles For all author emails, please log on. Molecular Autism 2011, 2:15 doi:10.1186/2040-2392-2-15 Published: 14 October 2011 Abstract (provisional) Background The brain develops in concert and in coordination with the developing facial tissues, with each influencing the development of the other and sharing genetic signaling pathways. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) result from alterations in the embryological brain, suggesting that the development of the faces of children with ASD may result in subtle facial differences compared to typically developing children. In this study, we tested two hypotheses. First, we asked whether children with ASD display a subtle but distinct facial phenotype compared to typically developing children. Second, we sought to determine whether there are subgroups of facial phenotypes within the population of children with ASD that denote biologically discrete subgroups. Methods The 3dMD cranial System was used to acquire three dimensional stereophotogrammetric images for our study sample of 8- to 12-year-old boys diagnosed with essential ASD (n = 65) and typically developing boys (n = 41) following approved Institutional Review Board protocols. Three dimensional coordinates were recorded for 17 facial anthropometric landmarks using the 3dMD Patient software . Statistical comparisons of facial phenotypes were completed using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis and Principal Coordinates Analysis. Data representing clinical and behavioral traits were statistically compared among groups by using chi2 tests, Fisher's exact tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and Student's t-tests where appropriate. Results First, we found that there are significant differences in facial morphology in boys with ASD compared to typically developing boys. Second, we also found two subgroups of boys with ASD with facial morphology that differed from the majority of the boys with ASD and the typically developing boys. Furthermore, membership in each of these distinct subgroups was correlated with particular clinical and behavioral traits. Conclusions Boys with ASD display a facial phenotype distinct from that of typically developing boys, which may reflect alterations in the prenatal development of the brain. Subgroups of boys with ASD defined by distinct facial morphologies correlated with clinical and behavioral traits, suggesting potentially different etiologies and genetic differences compared to the larger group of boys with ASD. Further investigations into genes involved in neurodevelopment and craniofacial development of these subgroups will help to elucidate the causes and significance of these subtle facial differences.